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\qc \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14686258 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24\alang1033 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs28\insrsid11166363\charrsid14686258 Explorations in Culture
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14686258 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14686258 Robert Hershorn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10247949 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\tx142\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12738720 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16075377 
This comprehensive exam area focuses on the concept of culture and its connections with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2906645 societal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3022435 relationships of power}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2906645 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16075377 It is important to first consider }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15546315 what became known }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14908570 as  \u8220\'d2
culturalist\u8221\'d3 thought, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15546315 developed by British Marxist intellectuals during the 1950s and 60s. Their writings parallel the work of eighteenth century German philosopher Johann Gottfired Herder. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9400613  Fernande de Saussure\rquote s s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9115644 tructuralism }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9400613 is equally important }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9115644 within}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9400613  early British Cultural Studies.  This field\rquote s developement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9115644 
 led to impassioned scholarly debate between its adherents and advocates of \u8220\'d2cultural}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid136305 ism\u8221\'d3. In an effort to adequately capture many }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9115644 
facets of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid136305 the of the concept of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9115644 culture}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid136305 
, I would argue that it is equally important to begin to explore debates within academia which focus on the paradigms of poststructuralism, postmodernism, postcolonialism and anthropology of culture.   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9115644 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8329679 
Two centuries before the British Marxist writings appeared, Herder developed a concept of culture that drew on the personal. Herder\rquote s view of culture was self-reflexive as it centred on one\rquote 
s inner consciousness. In this sense, he posited that individuals view themselves as an essential piece of the social collective (Barnard, 1969, p.7) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid729525 \u8220\'d2Culturalists\u8221\'d3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8329679 Edward}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393247  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8329679 P. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8393247 Thompson and Raymond Williams viewed}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5727321  culture as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10247949  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5258886 part of a relationship with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10247949  one\rquote 
s environment. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13911566 They }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8329679 too }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15364721\charrsid7085236 drew on the personal and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10247949\charrsid7085236 wedded the concept to \u8220\'d2real experiences\u8221\'d3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15364721\charrsid7085236 which unfolded in their}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10885459  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7085236 lives over time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15364721\charrsid7085236 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5727321 While Thompson descri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15602326 bed}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5727321  experience as \u8220\'d2a necessary middle term between social being and social consciousness\u8221\'d3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4156489  (Thompson, 1978, p.263); Williams }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15602326 viewed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4156489 culture as a \u8220\'d2whole way of life\u8221\'d3. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5258886 Williams\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2243254  characterization literally embodied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4156489  his experience growing up in a rural environmen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15602326 t among farm workers.  He placed}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4156489  this within the context of how people were formed based on the development of their skills and their relationships with one another. It was this evolution }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2243254 
that informed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4156489 Williams}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2243254 \rquote  perception of culture as essentially \u8220\'d2ordinary\u8221\'d3, or part of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15602326 how }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2243254 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15602326 trajectory of life experience}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2243254 
 within communities leads to shared meaning and a sense of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15602326 direction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11566055   (Williams, 1958, p93,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2243254 ). 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1131284 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid729525 
As noted above, my focus on structuralist thought will begin with the work of  Fernande de Saussure. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2243254 It essentially was a theoretical approach to culture which attempted to construct it scientifically. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11566055 This was applied directly to the use of language in terms of  categories of \u8220\'d2signs\u8221\'d3
.  In this way language was thought of as a structural system of relations, through which meaning was drawn (Innis 1985, Hawkes, 1977). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5258886 In this regard, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11566055  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10096660 key }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11566055 aspect of this theory was Saussure\rquote s emphasis on both diachronic and synchronic components of language. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5258886 Terrence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1131284 Hawkes asserts that, \u8220\'d2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1131284\charrsid2179078 
Each language has a wholly valid existence apart from its history}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1131284 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1131284\charrsid10096660 as a system 
of sounds issuing from the lips of those who speak it now, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1131284\charrsid2179078 and whose speech in fact }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1131284\charrsid10096660 
constructs and constitutes the language }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1131284\charrsid2179078 (usually in ignorance of its history)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1131284\charrsid10096660  in its present form\u8221\'d3
  (Hawkes p. 9)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10096660  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1131284 Equally important within structural analysis is the feature of binary opposition.  This entails that meaning is assessed }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10096660 by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1131284 relationships of opposition deduced through different signs. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid729525 Finally, Saussure\rquote s focus on the \u8220\'d2
decentering\u8221\'d3 of the subject is critical t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10760592 o understanding this paradigm. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid729525  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796482 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li5760\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5760\itap0\pararsid796482 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796482 Robert Hershorn
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1131284 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10760592 Poststructuralists viewed this theory}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid729525  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1131284 as reductionist as it was limited to a particular structure which included causal relationships. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14686258 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10760592 Post-structural}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1131284  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10760592 analysis }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5783123 
viewed signs not as absolute linear constructs, but multifaceted and capable of shifting in many directions. Post-structuralist theorists, building on the work of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420790 Jacques }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5783123 Derrida, asserted that such signs can be perpetually deconstructed. \u8220\'d2Deconstructionism\u8221\'d3 became the cornerstone of poststructural analysis and was later }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10096660 
adopted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5783123  by a wide spectrum of scholars from feminists to post-colonialists.  Language was equally important for poststructuralism as it was for structuralim. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10096660 For po}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15813407 structuralism}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10096660 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15813407  language permeating through}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420790 out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15813407  soci}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420790 ety can have direct influence on the construction of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15813407 
 meaning for individuals in a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420790 variety}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15813407  of ways. As Chris Weedon argues, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420790 \u8220\'d2}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15813407\charrsid10096660 Once language is understood in terms of competing discourses, competing ways of giving meaning to the world\u8230\'c9\u8221\'d3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15813407\charrsid15813407 
then it could be placed in terms of how power is influential in diverging ways in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15813407 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15813407\charrsid15813407 social sphe
re and responded to by those who seek to contest it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15813407  (Weedon, p. 357}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10096660 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15813407\charrsid15813407 . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15813407 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\tx5387\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4943677 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420790 Postmodernist theory is another }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9845872 sh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11828091 ift from what can be viewed as the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9845872  reductionist }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11828091 metanarrative of modernism.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563167  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11828091 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10096660 n emphasis on reason and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9845872 
 a focus on scientific method dictated the way the modern world was constructed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10096660 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11828091  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563167 
The shift in postmodern though}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420790 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563167  beyond}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420790  advocating \u8220\'d2grand narratives\u8221\'d3 provided}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563167  more space to capture the self. No individual lives in a vacuum. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11828091 Jean-Francois }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563167 
Lyotard argued that everyone \u8220\'d2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563167\charrsid11563167 exists in a fabric of relations that is now more }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420790 complex and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11563167\charrsid11563167  mobile than ever before\u8230\'c9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563167 \u8221\'d3 (Lyotard, 1979, 15).  Within this, each person has the autonomy to interpret messages that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420790 circulate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563167 throughout society and thereby mitigate the influence of dominant discourses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11828091 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8064533  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16675886 In line with this reality, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8064533 Krishan Kumar paraphrases Ihad Hassan who asserted that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5640671 
while, \u8220\'d2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8064533\charrsid16675886 the principle of authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5640671 \u8221\'d3 was central to modernism, postmodernism was characterized }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420790 by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5640671 \u8220\'d2the principle of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8064533\charrsid16675886 anarchy\u8221\'d3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420790 
and emphasized }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8064533\charrsid4943677 pluralism}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4943677\charrsid4943677  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8064533\charrsid4943677 revolt}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4943677  (Kumar, 2005, p.130).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10311012 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9845872 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311012 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311012\charrsid10311012 
ostcolonial writing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311012  is directly in line with postmodernism\rquote s push to move beyond metanarratives. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4943677 postcolonial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311012  for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8135124 Homi }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311012 Bhabha transcend}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8135124 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10311012  this theoretical limitation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8135124 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311012 \u8220\'d2the boundary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8135124 \u8221\'d3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420790 which emerges within}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8135124  a space from which \u8220\'d2presencing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311012 \u8221\'d3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8135124  ensues.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311012  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid336904 Bhab}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8135124 ha ar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420790 gues that at t
he centre of this is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8135124  \u8220\'d2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311012 The interstitial passage between fixed identifications}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420790 \u8221\'d3 which 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311012  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420790 \u8220\'d2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311012 
opens up the possibility of a cultural hybridity that entertains difference without an assumed or imposed hierarchy\u8221\'d3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8135124  (Bhabha, 1994, p.2) These potential openings must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1079599 be balanced wi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid336904 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1079599 h pointing out a tendency that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8135124  scholars}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid336904  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1079599 have in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420790 reproducing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8135124  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1079599  power relations that subjugate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11828091  those viewed as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8135124  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11828091 \u8220\'d2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8135124 subaltern}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11828091 \u8221\'d3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15483057 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1079599 
European scholars deliberately captured Middle Eastern people within a distorted modernist lens. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8808454 Orientalism, Edward S
aid argued was a study of polarities which advanced a distinction between what was recognizable, \u8220\'d2(Europe, the West, \lquote us\rquote )\u8221\'d3 and the unfamiliar, \u8220\'d2(the Orient, the East, \lquote them\rquote 
) (Said 1978, p.43). This divisive discourse }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420790 currently }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8808454 has a direct impact on thos
e who have been colonized.  Efforts made by scholars from subjected cultures to recapture tradition have led to the formulation of ways to \u8220\'d2decolonize methodologies\u8221\'d3
. There is a need to retrace the steps of having another way of life being imposed on an indigenous }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796482 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li5760\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5760\itap0\pararsid796482 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796482 Robert Hershorn
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9845872 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8808454 society.  As Maori scholar Linda Tuhiwai Smith argues, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid336904 out of necessity, such cultures must, \u8220\'d2recover ourselves to claim a space in which to develop a sense of authentic humanity\u8221\'d3 (Smith, 2002, p.23). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6163757 
 The challenge within this recovery is the nature of academic writing itself. The dilemma is one where indigenous scholars must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9310404 grapple }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6163757 with }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9400613 scholarly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6163757 writing that often does not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9310404 cast them in a favourable light. They find th}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9400613 emselves drawing on such literature when exploring}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9310404  their research however. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6163757   Ho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9400613 w can these scholars build on research}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9310404  that often justifies view}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6163757 s which alienate indigenous people? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9310404 (Ibid, p.36)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311012 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9310404 Deconstructing the \u8220\'d2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid336904 colonization of the mind}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9310404 \u8221\'d3 is directly applicable to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420790 groups who have been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid420790\charrsid420790 racializ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid336904\charrsid420790 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid336904 .  Paul Gilroy argues that people \u8220\'d2have for centuries employed the concepts and categories of their rulers, owners and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16022419 persecutors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid336904  to resist the destiny that \u8220\'d2race\u8221\'d3 has allocated to them\u8230\'c9\u8221\'d3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16022419  (Gilroy, 2000, p.11). Overcoming this psychology may be very difficult for some as it necess
itates shedding layers of conditioning which spans centuries.  David Theo Goldberg captures the ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420790 rginalization of these people }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14686258 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16022419 he places them within a category of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14686258 those }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16022419 who were unnoticed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14686258 
 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16022419  removed from the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14686258 ir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16022419  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14686258 environments}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16022419  as if they were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14686258 refuse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16022419  (Goldberg, 1993, p.186). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10311012 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3611303 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3611303 Clifford Geertz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15690804 \rquote s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3611303  and Victor Turner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15690804 \rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3611303  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15690804 
contribution to anthropology can be viewed as a discourse which enhances rather }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796482 than marginalizes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15690804  other cultures. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3611303 Geertz argues that viewing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14686258 other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3611303 culture}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14686258 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3611303  as a form of symbolic action is key. T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15690804 his can lessen }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3611303 the possib}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14686258 
ility of an outside observer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3611303 bring}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14686258 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3611303  his/her own culturally-influenced }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15690804 biases }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3611303 to a given study. For Geertz, it is necessary to examine what specifically is being expressed through the agency of a particular culture (Geertz, 1973, p10). }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15690804 Victor Turner\rquote s concept of \u8220\'d2liminality\u8221\'d3 may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3611303 assist in this process of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15690804 
attempting to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3611303 accurately cap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14686258 ture}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15690804  another culture. This }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3611303 \u8220\'d2in between\u8221\'d3 or neutral space }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15690804 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2757722 freed of normative }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15862763 
constraints. In this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9310404  sense, it is possible for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15862763 anthropologist to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2757722  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15862763 \u8220\'d2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796482 stand aside}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15862763 \u8230\'c9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3611303\charrsid2757722 from all social positions}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9310404 \u8221\'d3 and to analyze}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3611303\charrsid2757722  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15862763 \u8220\'d2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3611303\charrsid2757722 a potentially unlimited series of alternative social }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796482\charrsid2757722 arrangemen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796482 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid796482\charrsid2757722 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2757722 \u8221\'d3. This eliminates any tendency to view the social world as static but rather }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14686258 see it as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2757722 continuously in the process of \u8220\'d2becoming\u8221\'d3 (Turner, 1974, p.23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796482 , 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2757722 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7367345 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9310404\charrsid6577874 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9310404\charrsid9310404 Finally, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9310404 for the p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6577874 urpose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9310404 
 of this comprehensive exam, it is important to view the fields of \u8220\'d2culturalism\u8221\'d3, structuralism, poststructuralism and postmodernism as foundational. Each of these fields provides important theoretical tools }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6577874 to further explore the paradigms of postcolonialism and race. In these latter two areas, a key overlapping theme centres on issues of o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16075377 vercoming domination}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6577874 . This applies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16075377  to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6577874 cultures }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16075377 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6577874 have a history of being }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16075377 been imposed upon and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6577874 those who have been indoctrinated with the language of \u8220\'d2othering
\u8221\'d3 particular groups. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12014792 How can this psychology of domination be overcome on both sides of the spectrum? Postcolonial literature and explorations of race }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9400613 investigate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12014792  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6172843 Eurocentric }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9400613 societal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6172843 
\u8220\'d2 thought \endash  central to modernism - which j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12014792 u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6172843 st}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9400613 ified Western domination.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6172843  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9400613 These fields also explore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6172843 ways to deconstruct and transcend the inherited legacies of cultures }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796482 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6172843  have been dominated. Theoretical constructs within academic Western literature\endash  as highlighted by Edward Said in his exploration of Orientalism - were a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9400613 ccepted as normative. Are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6172843 Bhabha\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796482 \u8220\'d2interstitial space\u8221\'d3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9400613  and related academic concepts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796482  sufficient enough response}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9400613 s toward repositioning the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid796482  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6172843 fixed identifications}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796482  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9400613 applied to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796482 
 cultures }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9400613 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796482 have been dominated? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3611303 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9845872 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid9845872\charrsid10311012 
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