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Provide electronic and hard copies to supervisors and  HYPERLINK "mailto:gradcmns@sfu.ca" gradcmns@sfu.ca. Directions: Answer two questions from each field. (Note: Do NOT answer both 7A and 7B). Each answer should be between about 2500 and 3000 words. Ensure that your answers do not unduly overlap with each other; you can make cross-references to your other essays where appropriate. (Note that some of the questions may traverse the two fields.) If necessary, “tweak” the questions to cover the topics for which you have prepared. Your essays should be well-constructed, demonstrate familiarity with the range of readings in your field statements, show judgement with respect to the merits and substance of arguments in the field, and indicate a capacity to extrapolate them to new problems or questions. Your essay will not be “marked” for grammatical precision so long as it is readable and intelligible. If you do hire an editor, s/he may edit only for purposes of grammar and clarity, and may not alter the substance or meaning; and you should submit both your original version, and the revised (copy edited) version. *** FIELD I. JOURNALISM AND DEMOCRACY 1. Your breadth field outlines several approaches to analyzing influences on news media. These approaches focus on conventional/dominant media. Justify your selection of three particular models, assess their adequacy, and situate them in relation to the full range of other approaches or models on this question: what other possible explanatory models are there? How would you ‘map’ alternative media/journalism into these theories or models? Would the three models you analyze need modifying (particularly in light of Atton’s suggestion that alternative media would be difficult to fit into Bourdieu’s analysis of the journalism field)? 2. What would a fully democratic media system look like? On the basis of what principles would it be organized? Include a discussion of alternative media and social movements: Would they still be necessary in a democratic society? Situate your response in relation to contending theories of democracy, of democratic communication, and of the normative expectations of journalism in a democratic society. 3. Some suggest that developments in media and information technology have shattered the monopoly that traditional news organizations once held over the dissemination of news and opinion. They point to the declining importance and influence of mainstream media, for example, as evidence of a profound democratization of the public sphere in which the public is free to both consume and produce news and opinion that fit its own needs and desires. How do the different accounts of journalism and democracy that you survey help us to make sense of these types of claims? 4. Is there a “democratic deficit” in conventional media and journalism in western democracies today? Discuss and evaluate, in light of both (a) contending theories of influences on journalism, and (b) contending theories of democracy, of democratic communication, and of the normative expectations of journalism in a democratic society. 5. In light of normative theories of democratic communication, as well as theories of what factors actually influence the production and content of journalism, how necessary is democratic media reform in western liberal-democratic societies? What kind of reform is needed; that is, what model(s) of a reformed media system is normatively justified? II. DEMOCRATIC SIGNIFICANCE OF ALTERNATIVE MEDIA/JOURNALISM 6. As you note in your definitional essay, alternative media play an important role in providing a wide range of ‘counter-hegemonic’ news and opinion, as well as furnishing a protected space for subaltern groups to develop their own communication infrastructures, capacities and practices.  What role, however, do these aspects of alternative media also play in the ideological balkanization of the public sphere in which those with differing political views increasingly limit their consumption of political media to that which does nothing but confirm those views?  Do alternative media accommodate exchange and dialogue across the political spectrum?  Should they? Why or why not? 7A. What are the distinctive characteristics of alternative media/journalism? What debates are there in the field on this question, and what is at issue? More important, what is at stake: why does it matter? In light of these debates, assess the limitations and potential of alternative media for democratization processes. OR 7B. Outline and assess the contending definitions of alternative media/journalism. Along what axes do they differ or cohere? What are their implications, and their advantages and disadvantages, for conducting research and analysis? For purposes of your dissertation research, which definitions are most likely to be useful? 8. In light of both the empirical evidence and theoretical conceptualizations of alternative media/journalism, write an essay on these questions: To what extent are alternative media necessarily connected to social movements? Do alternative media constitute a social movement in itself? 9. In light of the empirical evidence contained in your reading list, including several case studies, assess the political significance or impact of alternative media – e.g., as influences on conventional models of journalism, and as agents of media and societal democratization. Conversely, what factors limit the impact of alternative media; what obstacles do they face? PAGE 4 PAGE 2 a‡ˆЊЋЌЙКабѕії JbЭЮђѓє-1ДЩ ^ a с yДiЈVЄЉья„…‹ŒŽ‘’˜™š›œŸ ќїяїьїїфїьїќќїмїьїќќќќќеЬХќХЬХЬХЬХОЛОГОЛОЛОГОЛХ0JmHnHu0J j0JU B*aJph***CJOJQJaJ CJOJQJj~UjЛU0JjU jU5\@1a —ЙЫ : ; ^ с yД ijЈVЄь„јјјјєєєєєєєщєєєєєєєщщщєрк„h]„h„јџ„&`#$ „d№Єx^„Єx$Єxa$„Ÿўў‘œžŸ §єю§§ъЄx„h]„h„јџ„&`#$ 1hАа/ Ар=!А"А# $ %АЛDаЩъyљКЮŒ‚ЊKЉ ackett@sfu.caрЩъyљКЮŒ‚ЊKЉ *mailto:ackett@sfu.caУDаЩъyљКЮŒ‚ЊKЉ sgunster@sfu.caрЩъyљКЮŒ‚ЊKЉ .mailto:sgunster@sfu.caУDаЩъyљКЮŒ‚ЊKЉ gradcmns@sfu.caрЩъyљКЮŒ‚ЊKЉ .mailto:gradcmns@sfu.ca i8@ёџ8 NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH <A@ђџЁ< Default Paragraph Font.U@Ђё. 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