{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff31507\deff0\stshfdbch31505\stshfloch31506\stshfhich31506\stshfbi31507\deflang4105\deflangfe4105\themelang4105\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f11\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset128\fprq1{\*\panose 02020609040205080304}MS Mincho{\*\falt ?l?r ??\'81\'66c};}{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}
{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\f111\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset128\fprq1{\*\panose 02020609040205080304}@MS Mincho;}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f301\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f302\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f304\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f305\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f306\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f307\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f308\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f309\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f413\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 MS Mincho Western{\*\falt ?l?r ??\'81\'66c};}{\f411\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 MS Mincho CE{\*\falt ?l?r ??\'81\'66c};}{\f412\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 MS Mincho Cyr{\*\falt ?l?r ??\'81\'66c};}
{\f414\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 MS Mincho Greek{\*\falt ?l?r ??\'81\'66c};}{\f415\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 MS Mincho Tur{\*\falt ?l?r ??\'81\'66c};}{\f418\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 MS Mincho Baltic{\*\falt ?l?r ??\'81\'66c};}
{\f641\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}{\f642\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f644\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f645\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}
{\f648\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}{\f649\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\f671\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\f672\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\f674\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\f675\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\f678\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\f679\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}
{\f1413\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 @MS Mincho Western;}{\f1411\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 @MS Mincho CE;}{\f1412\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 @MS Mincho Cyr;}{\f1414\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 @MS Mincho Greek;}
{\f1415\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 @MS Mincho Tur;}{\f1418\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 @MS Mincho Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}
{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}
{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;
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{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid946943 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang4105\langfe4105\loch\af31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp4105\langfenp4105 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5050464\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Field Definition 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5050464\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 : }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5050464\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Depth}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5050464\charrsid12388461 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5050464\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Broadcasting diversity in Canada}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5050464\charrsid12388461 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Sylvia Blake, 20 April 2014
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-14\li14\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin14\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5050464\charrsid12388461 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12388461 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Media are unders\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
tood as crucial vehicles for the promotion, protection and expression of cultural diversity; however, the concept of diversity in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3678642 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 broadcasting}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  remains under-theorized and vague, particularly within the new me}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3678642 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
dia environment (Karppinen, 20\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 09}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ). I understand the con\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
cept of diversity as it pertains to broadcasting to be polysemous, with various differing understandings of diversity emerging and evolving within different (although often connected) social, political and technological circumstances and spaces. I also re
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ognize diversity as being usually identified in an institutional context.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf17\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In the Canadian context, this comprehensive asks:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ls1\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Why and how did the idea of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \lquote diversity\rquote  in broadcasting emerge?}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 2.\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 What are the current }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3678642 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 dominant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ways of understanding broadcast divers\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ity?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 3.\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Why and how are concerns about diversity in broadcasting evolving in an era of communicative abundance?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-14\li14\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin14\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3678642 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The objective of this comp, and its connection to my breadth comp on global media and communication policy, is to lay the historical and theo\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
retical basis to theorize as to why fundamental questions of voice and representation in the democratic development of broadcasting policy are often silenced in Canada today, despite national (eg: CRTC diversity policies) and international (eg: CCD) asser
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ions of support for diversity in media.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb200\sl480\slmult1\keep\keepn\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Problemitizing diversity
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 This comp begins by surveying a range of literature critiquing diversity and pluralism. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3678642 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Political 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 lur\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
alism, as described by David Held (2006), can be described as securing political liberty through government by minorities, which is seen to create obstacles to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3678642\charrsid12388461 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 development}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3678642 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  of power\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ful factions or \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 an unresponsive }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 state. Freedom of expression for these com\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
peting interests is a key feature of a pluralist political model, as well as a competitive electoral system and a system of checks and balances between the legislature, executive, judiciary and administrative bureaucracy (Held, 2006). 
\par \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Karpinnen (2007) wa\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rns against embracing a naive pluralism, in which the conceptualization of pluralism as a political value falls into anti-political relativism and indifference}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1185959 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nstead}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1185959 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  argues}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 for a media structure that, rather than celebrating all heterogeneity, \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
questions the inclusiveness of pluralist discourses and how they understand economic and political power. Mazepa (2007) focuses on the first few decades of the 20th century to present a critique of the sender-receiver model of public service in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3805239 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Canadian }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 media, argu\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ing that such a model foregrounds governments or businesses as servi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1185959 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ce providers, and citizens as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  unquestioning consumers who show their satisfaction with the media through their voting, viewing/listening, and buying patterns. This historical conceptual
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ization of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \lquote the public,\rquote  Mazepa argues, fails to account for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1185959 
populations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461  that were marginalized due to their differing views and practices in politics, economics, or culture. In a related c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1185959 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 itique, Mackey (1999) points specifically to Canadian policy for multicultural diversity as a mechanism 
to manage difference by drawing boundaries between celebrated diversity and inacceptable difference, painting Canadian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1185959  white settler identity as one embodying a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461  liberal tolerance for those with \'93hypehanted\'94 identities (eg: Native-Canadian; Indo-Canadian) while at the same time }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1185959 portraying}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461  those who deviate from this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1185959 sanctioned difference }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 as inacceptable and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13577056 even }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 dangerous.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2830014\charrsid2830014 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Ways of\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  understanding broadcast diversity
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2830014\charrsid12388461 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 While bearing the above critiques in mind (particularly those regarding the division bet\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ween politically palpable diversity and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5465395\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 deviant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
difference), the following section examines a range of key historic and current issues relating to broadcast diversity in Canada. I argue that the main discourses related to Canadian broadcasting diversity c
an be broadly identified within eight key topic areas: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2830014 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 ilingualism/biculturalism; First Peoples\rquote 
 communication; equity-seeking groups; independent voices and local/ regional voices; ownership diversity; consumer sovereignty/ free market; Canadian cultural
 expression; and public broadcasting. I follow my summary of these diversity categories with a look at the changing nature of policy for broadcast diversity in the era of communicative abundance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-15\li14\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin14\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid2830014 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Bilingualism / biculturalism

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2830014 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Bilingualism / biculturalism\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 is a fundamental principle in the Canadian broadcasting system, the origins of which may be traced to the Constitution Act in 1867 (or sooner), and in broadcasting specifically began as a policy of French and English }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \'93parallel services\'94 as early as 1934. There have been various federal attempts to instill equality in the historic partnerships between Canada\rquote s two \'93founding peoples}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2830014 ,\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461  in part because of the need to negotiate challenges to political unity in the face of North American contentialism with the d
emand for cultural pluralism (Raboy, 1990). While noting that access to French programming has historically been fairly poor outside of Quebec (for example, as noted by the Massey Commission and the 1980 \'93Decade of Diversity\'94
 report), I understand this issue as relating more to political and cultural tensions between Quebec and the federal broadcasting authorities. In this regard, a major issue is Quebec\rquote s continual assertion, beginning in the 1920s, that bro
adcasting should be under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 provincial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 jurisdiction because both culture and education are provincial responsibilities (Raboy, 1998), and a belief in Quebec that Canadian control over broadcasting is in fact a way for the Federal administration to undermine 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Quebec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \rquote s ability to shape its own identity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid2830014 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 First Peoples}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid2830014 \rquote  voices}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid2830014 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Aboriginal voices were included in Northern CBC radio and through community stations (eg: Wawatay) beginning in the late 1950s and early 1960s (Roth, 2014). However, the real push \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
for First Peoples media began with the extension of national broadcasting services in the 1970s. While there was a demand for greater access to broadcast content in remote communities, many First Peoples were unhappy with television that 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 framed them\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  and their communities as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \lquote problem\rquote 
 people, perpetuated stereotypes, or ignored them altogether on screen and behind the scenes - a trend that exists in mainstream media to this day (Fleras, 2011; Roth, 2014). Seeing their communities depicted only through
 the dominant media lenses lead to a recognition among First Peoples communities that they need}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9790015 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
 their own media to give them a space to tell their own stories (Roth, 2014; Valaskakis, 1998). A major breakthrough for Aboriginal broadcasting was the development of the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network in the 1990s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13244051 . The APTN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461  operates on a unique funding structure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9790015 that is a hybrid of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 the traditional advertising model and a mandated per-subscriber fee paid to them by cable carriers (Widdowson, 2009).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid9790015 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Equity-seeking groups
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sa200\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The rights of groups seeking representation in broadcasting are imposed on broadcasting policy through Canada}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \rquote 
s official policy of multiculturalism (circa 1971) and the protections guaranteed in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms based on race, national or ethnic origin, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability. Multiculturalism and liberal tolerance are key building block}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16256016 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s for
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Canadian identity, \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 which Hirji (2014) and Mackey (1999) argue are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  mobilized }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16256016 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  m\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
anage and control difference in a diverse country\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
. Despite these protections, however, research shows that visible minorities are still underrepresented as journalists and in management positions in broadcasting, and are often m\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
isrepresented in media stories (Fleras, 2011).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li14\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin14\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid7096055 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Independent voices and local/ regional voices
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-14\li14\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin14\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi706\li14\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin14\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
While the topics of independent voices and local/regional voices cannot be entirely conflated, the two issues are often addressed together in literature on diver\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
sity. I examine the history of campus and community broadcasting, which began at Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \rquote 
s University in 1922 and grew significantly due to social pressure from youth and oppositional movements in the 1960s (Raboy, 1990). Advocates for local and independent 
voices see their role as filling gaps in public affairs coverage left by for-profit media (Skinner, 2014), and argue that diversity in broadcasting requires opportunities for citizens to access }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 and participate in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the media (eg: through citizen/citizen jour
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
nalism). They view the constant struggle for stable funding and the challenge of operating media that are not profit driven in a capitalist environment as major challenges for independent and community media  (eg: Lithgow, 2012; Light, 2012; Skinner, 2014
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-14\li14\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin14\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa200\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid5316205 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Ownership diversity

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi706\li14\ri0\sa200\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin14\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 This viewpoint }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5326985 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 exa\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 mines}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 increasing concentration in Canada}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \rquote 
s broadcasting system (Winseck, 2010), and expresses concern for the ways in which media ownership can directly or indirectly impact editorial autonomy, the diversity of viewpoints expressed in broadcasting, and the free flow of ideas. Murdock (1990) argu
es that rising production costs drive out smaller media owners who do not benefit from economies of scale, leading to a situation where there are more stations available but these stations are owned by only a small handful of companies with a strong inc
entive rely on synergies and recycle content. Fleras (2011) illustrates how a lack of ownership diversity can lead to media content that is biased based on class, as more and more sources are controlled by outlets that are successful in (and therefore sup
p
ortive of) a neoliberal market environment. The topic of ownership diversity has been on the CRTC agenda frequently in recent years, including significant policy events such as the 2007 diversity of voices proceedings and 2010 proceedings on vertical inte
gration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-14\li14\ri0\sa200\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin14\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid15402578 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Consumer sovereignty / free market
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Arguments for diversity based on consumer sovereignty have their basis in libertarian theory and social responsibility theory, including a belief in the importance of media and freedom of speech for democracy (
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Becker, 1945; Theodore, 1956). The key idea is that it is important }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4659686 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  media }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4659686 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 disseminate as many opinions as possible, allowing rational and critically-thinking human beings to determine the truth. \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 From this emerges a marketplace approach to broadcas
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t regulation which posits that consumers are best equipped to determine what content is worth consuming, creating a system in which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \'93
the public interest determines the public\rquote s interest\'94 (Fowler & Brenner, 1982). Diversity is seen as best achieved through 
competition, removing barriers to entry, preventing monopolistic practices, and allowing competitive pricing, and the current system is often viewed as being }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11546682 adequately diverse as it is }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 (Thierer &}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13645957  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 Eskelsen, 2008)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11546682 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Canada did not historically adopt a fully comme\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
rcial system largely because of the belief that a purely commercial broadcasting system would inevitably be an American one (see: Massey Commission, 1949). However, over the years, large Canadian companies have argued for a move to a consumer sovereignty 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 b\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
roadcasting model. For example, cable operators argued for the right to carry some American stations (which they won in 1984), and both cable operators and broadcasters support changes to the telecom and broadcasting acts that would allow for more foreign
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
direct investment (see: Grant & Wood, 2004; Our Cultural Sovereignty report, 2003). We are currently seeing a greater shift towards a consumer sovereignty / customer service approach to broadcasting. 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid4419794 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Canadian cultural expression
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 This viewpoint has its o\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
rigins in early nationalism and concerns about cultural sovereignty in the early days of broadcasting. Early broadcasting policy called for a single system controlled by the state with a mandate to promote national unity in the face of contentialism and d
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 visive forces within Canada (Aird Commission, 1929). Often associated with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2511191 anti-market, pro-cultural}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461  policies, the subtext of this argument is that media are endowed with nat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2511191 ion-building powers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 , and state intervention in communications is therefore essential to prevent Canada from being entirely culturally assimilated into the United States (Copps, 1999).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2511191  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Contemporary iterations of this viewpoint argue that Canadian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid2511191 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  stories are uniqu\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e and, in \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a fair marketplace, would \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 easily win audiences within Can
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ada; however, they \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 are often lo\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 st amid la}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8137388 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rge amounts of better-}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2511191 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 funded \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Ame\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rican }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16716448 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 programs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2511191 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16716448 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 that benefi
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2511191 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  from economies of scale (Grant & Wood, 2004).\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid13458343 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Public service broadcasting
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In the early days, public broadcasting was indistinguishable from national broadcasting, and the goal was to promote }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \'93the unity of the nation\'94 (Aird Commission Report, 1929, p. 10).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16716448 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
he Aird Commission foresaw a broadcasting future wherein the national broadcaster would eventually purchase and control all stations across the country, providing service in English and French and creating smaller 
regional stations to serve remote areas. The transition from national broadcasting to public broadcasting occurred in the late 1980s, when the Caplan-Sauvageau task force suggested that the CBC\rquote s national unity mandate was inappropriate because 
\'93it suggests constrained attachment to a political order rather than free expression in pursuit of a national culture broadly defined}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16716448 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461  (q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16716448 uoted in Raboy, 1990, p. 96-7).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
Canadian public broadcasting today is taking an increasingly commercial form due to budgetary const
raints as funding that was once allocated to the public broadcaster increasingly subsidizes private companies through the Canadian media fund - a situation that Raboy (1996) describes as \lquote public-ization\rquote 
 of the private sector and privatization of public broadcasting. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-14\li14\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin14\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid16716448 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Diversity in the era of communicative abundance
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid946943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
New technologies and an increasingly global media system, termed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \lquote communicative abundance,\rquote 
 provide consumer access to more content than ever before (Keane, 1999). While few would oppose medi
a diversity in principle, this environment poses new challenges for developing, justifying and implementing policy for media diversity. Benkler (2006) argues that communicative abundance makes policy for diversity obsolete since the Internet is a wide ope
n
 space where individuals are free to choose the content they want to consume, and to contribute to the conversation. Others (eg: Karpinnen, 2009; Goodman, 2004; Napoli, 2011) argue that communicative abundance and information overload mean that it is impo
rtant to find the correct responses to ensure diversity of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 exposure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 on the Internet, particularly in the context of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \'93winners-take-all\'94
 Internet traffic patterns that privileges powerful producers (Dean, 2005; Hindman, 2009).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 
\par \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
In the Canadian context, the CRTC is aware of these changes in audience behaviour, and has noted that the restrictions placed on broadcasters seem increasingly antiquated in the emerging media environment. The Commission has also recognized that a basic l
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 vel of regulation may be appropriate for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12521694\charrsid12388461 \'93substitutable services\'94
 (such as broadcast content delivered online and through traditional media); however it continues to struggle with questions about the type of regulatory measures that would be appropriate to
 ensure openness, affordability and ubiquity of service while also following its directive to rely on market forces over regulation (see: CRTC, 2011). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12676780 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12676780 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af11\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2052 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af0\insrsid12676780 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 Broadcast
\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0  diversity in Canada: draft comprehensive exam reading list
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 Sylvia Blake, 18 April\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0  2014
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-450\li450\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin450\itap0\pararsid12676780 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 Aird, J. (1929). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 Royal commission on radio broadcasting report.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 
\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0  
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 Becker, C. L. (1945). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 Fre\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 edom and responsibility in the American\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 
 way of life}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 . New York: Knof. 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 Benkler, Y. (2006). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 T\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 he wealth of networks: How social production transforms markets and freedom}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 . New Haven: Yale University Press. \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0  Chapter 1: a moment of opportunity and challenge, pp. 1-34.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 Committee on Extension of Service to Northern and Remote Communities. (1980). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 The 1\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 
980s, a decade of diversity: Broadcasting, satellites, and pay-TV}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 Communications \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 Canada\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 . (1988). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 Canadian\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 
 voices, \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 Canadian\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0  choices:\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0  A new broadcasting policy for \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 Canada.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 
\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0  ( No. Co22-82/1988).\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 Minister of Supply and Services \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 Canada\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 . 
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\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 Canadian\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0  Business Economics, 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 (3), 40-43. 
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 A broadcasting policy reflecting \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 Canada\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 's linguistic and cultural diversity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 , CRTC Public notice 1985-139, (1985). 
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\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi-426\li426\ri0\sa200\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid12676780 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang4105\langfe4105\loch\af31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp4105\langfenp4105 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-426\li426\ri0\sa200\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid12676780 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
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http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/publications/reports/rp110324.htm
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CRTC. (2011c). Results of the fact-finding exercise on the over-\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the-top programming services. Retrieved August 22, 2013, from }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf2\insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  HYPERLINK "http://crtc.gc.ca/eng/publications/reports/rp1110.htm" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\f0\fs24\ul\cf2\insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 http://crtc.gc.ca/eng/publications/reports/rp1110.htm}}}\sectd \ltrsect\pgnrestart\linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf2\insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-450\li450\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin450\itap0\pararsid12676780 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\par \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 Fleras, A. (2011\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 ). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 The media gaze: Representations of diversities in \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 
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\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0  Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 (4), 1389-1472. Retrieved from }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\cs20\ul\cf2\insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 \hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=15980020&site\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 =ehost-live}}}\sectd \ltrsect\pgnrestart\linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {
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\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 http://www.pff.org/mediametrics/}}}\sectd \ltrsect\pgnrestart\linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 
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\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 http://ccm.uwaterloo.ca/ccrn/documents/c\hich\af0\dbch\af11\loch\f0 olloq98_valaskakis.html}}}\sectd \ltrsect\pgnrestart\linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12676780\charrsid12676780 
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